Wjr 950 and Reading Literacy and Catherine

Reference as: Mkandawire, S. B. (2015). LTC k Types of Literacy or Literacies. The Academy of Zambia Lecture notes for week 2. Retrieved from https://sitwe.wordpress.com/2015/12/14/types-of-literacy-or-literacies/

Types of Literacy
In today'due south world, in that location are different forms and types of literacies that people in different fields talk of in the society. By now, yous must take heard or used some blazon of these types of literacy in the club. Lets consider some of the almost common discussed types of literacies.
(a) Conventional Literacy is a type of literacy that deals with reading and writing skills of letters in a particular linguistic communication. It involves problems such as knowing the alphabet, phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics that govern the reading and writing skills in a conventional manner. McGee and Richgels (1996:thirty) depict the use of conventional literacy in terms of the behavior manifested past readers, "Conventional readers and writers read and write in ways that virtually people in our literate society recognize equally 'really' reading and writing. For example, they use a variety of reading strategies, know hundreds of sight words, read texts written in a variety of structures, are aware of audience, monitor their own performances as writers and readers, and spell conventionally."

(b) Emergent Literacy is a type of literacy that deals with the earliest behaviors that relate to a kind of literacy in grade of the skills, knowledge, and attitudes that are manifested before the bodily conventional level of literacy is attained. The term was commencement used in 1966 by a New Zealand researcher Marie Clay to describe the behaviors seen in immature children when they use books and writing materials to imitate reading and writing activities, even though the children cannot actually read and write in the conventional sense (Ramsburg, 1998). Today the term has expanded in usage. Sulzby and Teale (1996: 728) "Emergent literacy is concerned with the earliest phases of literacy development, the period between birth and the time when children read and write conventionally. The term emergent literacy signals a belief that, in a literate guild, young children fifty-fifty one and two twelvemonth olds, are in the process of becoming literate".

(c) Initial Literacy – A blazon of literacy that looks at the time or stage an individual learns or is expected to learn the basics or the process of acquiring bones skills in a detail field such as reading and writing in a particular language. Information technology is a critical foundation of conventional literacy as it has to practise with knowing expected skills in a conventional fashion.

(d) Bones Literacy – refer to a blazon of knowledge that is expected to be known by everyone in a detail field. In the world today, people expects everyone to know nuts of conventional literacy that is to know how to read and write. For example, everyone is expected to know how to read and write equally a basic literacy skill.

(e) Functional Literacy – A blazon of literacy that deals with application of conventional form of literacy such as reading and writing well enough to understand signs, read newspaper headings, read labels on medicine bottles, make shopping lists, read Bible, write letters, fill in forms, use for jobs, practice the linguistic communication skills verbally & in written grade, reading for pleasure and purposive writing. Functional Literacy – A type or type of literacy that prepares an private to engage in all those activities available in his or her group and community and as well for enabling him or her to proceed to utilise reading, writing and calculation for his or her own and the community'southward development. Functional literacy every bit noted by different scholars is used for different activities in the social club. Greyness (1956:21) notes: Functional literacy is used for the preparation of adults to 'meet independently the reading and writing demands placed on them'. Currently, the phrase describes those approaches to literacy which stresses the acquisition of advisable verbal, cognitive, and computational skills to achieve practical ends in culturally specific settings.

(f) Critical literacy – A type of literacy that involves interpreting a piece more than mere piece of piece of work such as determining what outcome a writer is attempting to bring almost in readers, why he or she is making that endeavor and only who those readers are. Co-ordinate to (Freire, 1970) Critical Literacy looks at the teaching of critical consciousness skills relating to an individual'south ability to perceive social, political, and economic oppression and to have activity against the oppressive elements of society. The concept of critical consciousness (conscientization) was developed by Paulo Freire primarily in his books: Pedagogy of the Oppressed and Education for Disquisitional Consciousness, Kirkendall (2004). The emphasis here is in an individual'due south ability to use reading, writing, and thinking, listening, speaking, and evaluating skills in guild to effectively interact, construct meaning, and communicate for existent-life situations. An agile literate person is constantly thinking, learning, reflecting, and is assuming the responsibility for connected growth in their ain literacy development. Critical literacy involves the analysis and critique of the relationships among texts, language, ability, social groups and social practices. It shows u.s. means of looking at written, visual, spoken, multimedia and operation texts to question and claiming the attitudes, values and beliefs that lie below the surface.

(one thousand) Aliteracy – refer to a level of conventional literacy assay that deals with literate individuals who are lazy to apply reading and writing skills regularly. In other ways, an alliterate person is he or she who knows how to read and write simply cannot apply this skill to read a book, an article, a newspaper and other written materials.

(h) Profession Literacy – A type of knowledge specialized in a item field or profession. Information technology looks at individuals specialized in particular professions such every bit; Medical profession, instruction profession, legal profession and others.

(I) Legal Literacy – A type of literacy that looks at law related knowledge, skills and proficiency an individual may possess in executing legal related matters. The difference between a lawyer and a client is the noesis gap betwixt them that the lawyer possess which the client doesn't have.

(J) Medical Literacy – A blazon of literacy that autumn nether profession literacy. Medical literacy look at the noesis, skills and proficiency in the medical field and wellness care in particular.

(K) Fiscal literacy – A type of literacy that looks at bookkeeping, auditing, and any other profession relating to money or financial direction issues.

(L) Statistical literacy – A type of literacy that looks at the ability to understand statistics equally presented in dissimilar forms of publications such as newspapers, television, and the Cyberspace. Numeracy is a prerequisite to existence statistically literate. Being statistically literate is sometimes taken to include having both the ability to critically evaluate statistical fabric and to appreciate the relevance of statistically-based approaches to all aspects of life in general.

(Chiliad) Picture show Literacy – skills and abilities possessed past an individual to practise the art and craft of motion-picture show making and its processes. Processing the messages packaged in films is also a class of film literacy.

(N) Teaching literacy – A form of literacy that focuses on an individual's abilities to teach effectively in a item subject area matter. He or she understand the craft of teaching and the necessities that can be practical for an effective teacher.

(O) Workforce literacy – A type of literacy that prepares an individual to know what transpires at a workplace before they start piece of work. It deals with a pre-service employment preparation for an individual intending to exist in a detail profession.

(P) Workplace literacy – A type of literacy that supports current workers already in employment with regard to their rights, weather condition of service and their plight.

(Q) Survival Literacy – A blazon of functional literacy that involves education survival skills like income generating skills that empowers societies economically to be contained and cocky-sustaining. Applying other forms of literacy such as reading to survive.

(R) Concern Literacy – A type of literacy that looks at concern oriented knowledge, skills and proficiency. Failure to sale products an individual has harvested, made or accumulated is an case of business illiteracy. Business literacy refers to an private'due south ability to posses business oriented skills by means of adapting to trade oriented environments in meeting the market standards.

(S) Street Literacy – A blazon of literacy that looks at an individual's ability to survive and adapt to the life of the streets and maintain its standards as their immediate environment for purposes of survival.

(T) Scientific Literacy – A type of literacy that categorically addresses the scientific know how of popular scientific discipline disciplines.

(U) Agronomical literacy – An individual's ability to farm, establish and ascertain agricultural related environments and practice the bodily competencies in the field. Noesis of the soil that back up good farming and what types of crops to grow, when and where is all part of agriculture literacy.

(5) Computer Literacy – A blazon of literacy that look at an private'due south knowledge and ability to apply computers and applied science efficiently. Information technology includes the condolement level someone has in using computer programs and other applications that are associated with computers. Recently, the concept include an private's ability to play and dispense computer components, software, designing computer programs and apply computers in a diverseness of means in meeting the age of engineering efficiently. Computer Literacy – A blazon of literacy that look at an individual's knowledge and power to use computers and technology efficiently. Information technology includes the comfort level someone has in using computer programs and other applications that are associated with computers. Recently, the concept include an individual'south ability to play and dispense calculator components, software, designing computer programs and apply computers in a variety of ways in meeting the age of technology efficiently.

Technological literacy – This form of literacy refer to an individual's ability to use applied science tools to access, manage, integrate, evaluate, create and communicate information. It also extends to the knowledge possessed to create or develop applied science related products in a broad sense. This includes to that look at technological issues.

(X) Ecological literacy – refer to an individual's ability to sympathise the natural systems that makes life on earth possible. This include such things every bit nature (water, trees, glass, animals and others) that suport human life.

(Y) Translitertacy – Refer to the ability to read, write and collaborate across a range of platforms, tools and media from signing and orality through handwriting, impress, Tv set, radio and flick, to digital social networks (http://firstmonday.org/article/view/2060/1908).

(Z) Magical Literacy – A type of literacy that looks at magic, witchcraft, and an understanding of the operations of the dark forces, how they threaten people'due south lives , how they work, how to use and control them.

(AA) Cultural and Cross Cultural Literacy – A type of literacy that look at an individual's power to understand and capeesh the similarities and differences in the community, values, and behavior of one's own culture and the cultures of others. There is no culture that can live, if information technology attempts to be sectional in its own. This emphasizes on the importance of cultural literacy in its varying degrees in the global world. Therefore, as citizens of the global globe, it is peculiarly important that all nations be sensitive to the role that culture plays in the behaviors, beliefs, and values of themselves and others. Understanding other cultures has 2 notable benefits: It multiplies our access to practices, ideas, and people that can brand positive contributions to our ain society; and secondly, it helps united states sympathize ourselves more deeply. By agreement a range of alternatives, we become aware of our own implicit beliefs – beliefs so deeply imbedded that nosotros routinely take them for granted (Stigler, Gallimore and Hiebert, 2000). "Cultural literacy is applied in a multifariousness of means. For example, with regard to text analysis, what a text means depends on what readers bring to the text and what they bring will depend on the background, grooming, values, traditions, beliefs and norms they have experienced. It likewise extends beyond text to mean agreement the cultural context and practices an individual is Cultural and Cross Cultural Literacy – A type of literacy that look at an individual's ability to understand and capeesh the similarities and differences in the customs, values, and behavior of i's own culture and the cultures of others. There is no culture that tin live, if it attempts to be exclusive in its own. This emphasizes on the importance of cultural literacy in its varying degrees in the global globe. Therefore, as citizens of the global globe, it is particularly important that all nations be sensitive to the office that culture plays in the behaviors, beliefs, and values of themselves and others. Understanding other cultures has two notable benefits: Information technology multiplies our access to practices, ideas, and people that can make positive contributions to our own club; and secondly, it helps u.s. empathize ourselves more deeply. By understanding a range of alternatives, we become aware of our own implicit beliefs – behavior so deeply imbedded that we routinely have them for granted (Stigler, Gallimore and Hiebert, 2000).
"Cultural literacy is applied in a variety of ways. For example, with regard to text assay, what a text means depends on what readers bring to the text and what they bring will depend on the background, training, values, traditions, behavior and norms they have experienced. Information technology also extends beyond text to mean understanding the cultural context and practices an individual is found in".
(BB) Family literacy – A type of literacy that looks at family related matters with regard to how to continue a wife, a hubby, children and other relatives happily and morally right. It deals with knowledge on how to be in a family, relationships, resolve family conflicts internally, keeping secretes under the roof and home economic science.
(CC) Art(due south) Literacy – A type of literacy that looks at an private's power to manifest fine art skills in exceptionally and relatively varying degrees by selecting or shaping materials to convey an thought, emotion, or visually interesting form. Art literacy also refer to the moving picture and visual arts, including painting, sculpture, compages, photography, decorative arts, crafts, and other visual works that combine materials or forms. In contemporary world, art literacy include forms of creative action, such every bit dance, drama (Drama literacy), and music (Musical literacy), or even having the ability to apply art to describe art other artistic skills. Art(due south) Literacy – A blazon of literacy that looks at an private's power to manifest art skills in exceptionally and relatively varying degrees by selecting or shaping materials to convey an idea, emotion, or visually interesting form. Fine art literacy also refer to the film and visual arts, including painting, sculpture, compages, photography, decorative arts, crafts, and other visual works that combine materials or forms. In contemporary earth, art literacy include forms of creative activeness, such as dance, drama (Drama literacy), and music (Musical literacy), or fifty-fifty having the ability to use art to describe fine art other creative skills.
(DD) Civic Literacy – A type of literacy that looks at the plight of citizens, patriotism, rights, the city, powers of leaders and how the nation is run and beingness governed. This blazon of education is offered to the citizens on unlike issues concerning the affairs of the land and the world. Civic Literacy – A type of literacy that looks at the plight of citizens, patriotism, rights, the city, powers of leaders and how the nation is run and beingness governed. This type of instruction is offered to the citizens on different issues apropos the affairs of the country and the world.
(EE) Electoral Literacy – A type of literacy that looks at the knowledge, skills and abilities associated with electoral matters; election strategies, conducting gratuitous and fair elections, involving dissimilar pale holders in the elections and and so on. Balloter Literacy – A blazon of literacy that looks at the noesis, skills and abilities associated with balloter matters; election strategies, conducting free and fair elections, involving different pale holders in the elections and so on.
(FF) Adult Literacy – A blazon of literacy that await at the blazon of pedagogy offered to the adults in club for them to adapt to their corresponding environments with survivalistic skills. It involves the teaching of income generating skills, civic education and other critical problems within their own environment by making use of the available resource. It involves agreement the mode adults behave, how they acquire and how to interact with them more than effectively. Adult Literacy – A type of literacy that look at the blazon of education offered to the adults in gild for them to adapt to their respective environments with survivalistic skills. It involves the teaching of income generating skills, civic education and other critical bug within their ain environment by making employ of the available resources. It involves understanding the way adults bear, how they learn and how to interact with them more than effectively.
(GG) Information Literacy – A type or type of literacy that expect at the ability to recognize the extent and nature of the information needed, to locate, evaluate, and effectively use the needed information in the manner that would befit it. It constitutes the abilities to recognize when information is needed and to locate, evaluate, effectively utilize, and communicate information in its diverse formats. A person is said to be information literate if they are able to recognize when the information is needed and accept the power to locate, evaluate, and apply finer the needed data. Producing such a citizenry will require that schools and colleges appreciate and integrate the concept of information literacy into their learning programs and that they play a leadership role in equipping individuals and institutions to take advantage of the opportunities inherent within the information society. Data literacy has to exercise with knowing when and why you need information, where to observe information technology, and how to evaluate, use and communicate information technology in an ethical style, implies knowing several skills. Nosotros believe that the skills (or competencies) that are required to exist information literate require an understanding of a demand for information; the resources available; how to observe information; the demand to evaluate results; how to work with or exploit results; ethics and responsibility of apply; how to communicate or share your findings and how to manage your findings, Information and Computer Literacy Chore Force (2001).
(HH) Media Literacy – A type of literacy similar to information literacy that await at an individual's ability to understand information or read information from the different media by filtering or sifting through and analyzing the messages that inform, edutain and sell to usa everyday. He farther indicate that media literacy is having the ability to bring critical thinking skills to impact all media; from music videos and web environments to production placement in films and virtual displays on billboards. "Media literacy is about asking pertinent questions about what is at that place, and noticing what is non there. And the instinct to questions most what lies backside media productions; the motives, the money, the values and the ownership and to be aware of how these factors influence content. Media literacy encourages a probing approach to the world of media: Who is this bulletin intended for? Who wants to reach the audition, and why? From whose perspective is this story told? Whose voices are heard, and whose are absent? What strategies does this message use to become my attention and make me feel included? In our world of multi-tasking, commercialism, globalization and interactivity, media teaching is non about having the right answers – information technology is well-nigh request the right questions", Bowen (1996). The result is lifelong empowerment of the learner and the citizen. Worsnop (1994) says Media literacy has 3 stages; The start stage is simply condign aware of the importance of managing i'southward media diet that is, making choices and reducing the time spent with television, videos, electronic games, films and diverse print media forms. The second phase is learning specific skills of critical viewing— learning to analyze and question what is in the frame, how it is constructed and what may have been left out. Skills of critical viewing are best learned through inquiry-based classes or interactive group activities, as well as from creating and producing i's ain media messages. The tertiary stage goes behind the frame to explore deeper issues. Who produces the media we feel—and for what purpose? Who profits? Who loses? And who decides? This stage of social, political and economic analysis looks at how anybody in society makes meaning from our media experiences, and how the mass media drive our global consumer economy. This inquiry can sometimes set up the stage for various media advocacy efforts to challenge or redress public policies or corporate practices. Media range from goggle box to T-shirts, from billboards to the Internet. To be media literate today require that people must be able to decode, understand, evaluate and write through, and with, all forms of media. People must be able to read, evaluate and create text, images and sounds, or any combination of these elements. Media literacy seeks to empower citizens and to transform their passive relationship to media into an active, critical appointment, capable of challenging the traditions and structures of a privatized, commercial media civilization, and finding new avenues of citizen speech and discourse.
(2) Political Literacy – A type of literacy that refers to the knowledge, skills and information associated with the politics of the location, Mkandaŵile (2011). It is a set of abilities possessed by citizens considered necessary to participate in a detail government. Information technology is a civic education skill that includes the different forces that shape the economy and politics of the country with an agreement of how government works and of the important issues facing order, as well equally the disquisitional thinking skills to evaluate different points of view. Many organizations interested in participatory republic are concerned about political literacy, http://sitwe,wordpress.com.
(JJ) Popular Literacy – A type of literacy that looks at popular knowledge, speculations, values that come from advertising, the amusement industry, the media, and icons of mode and are targeted to the ordinary people in society. Popular literacy values are distinguished from those consort by more traditional political, educational, or religious institutions every bit they are typically to do with popular cognition.
(KK) Diaspora literacy
This is the ability to understand the traditions, beliefs, culture and communication patterns from a scattered population with a common origin in a geographical area. Diaspora folk stories, words, and other folk sayings inside any given customs of a particular diaspora plant diaspora literacy. All the knowledge and experience of political, social, historical, and cultural climates of the various cultures of the people in a particular diaspora constitutes diaspora literacy.
(LL) Balloter Literacy (Electracy) – Electracy is a form of literacy that looks at the noesis, skills and abilities associated with electoral matters; ballot strategies, conducting free and off-white elections, involving different stake holders in the election process.
(MM) Emotional literacy – Emotional literacy refer to one's ability to manage and understand their emotions as well as that of others. Emotionally literate people mind to others and sympathize with their emotions. They express their emotions productively.
(NN) oral literacy – Oral literacy (Oracy) refer to the ability to transfer norms, traditions, customs, civilization and language from 1 generation or person to another through the word of oral cavity. Information technology is the oldest communication and educational activity method in the history of humanity.
(OO) Multiliteracies – The notion and acknowledgement that in that location are so much literacy that exists in dissimilar fields associated with dissimilar domains of the society. "Multiliteracies – a give-and-take nosotros chose because it describes two important arguments we might have with the emerging cultural, institutional and global order. The starting time argument engages with the multiplicity of communications channels and media; the 2d is with the increasing salience of cultural and linguistic diversity". This quotation suggests that the concept of Multiliteracies acknowledges the existence of many literacies as information technology supplements traditional perception of literacy, Cope and Kalantzis (2000).
(PP) Visual literacy – A type of literacy that deal with an individual's ability to interpret, negotiate, and make meaning from information presented in the form of an images, graphic designs and other visuals aspects. Visual literacy is based on the thought that pictures can be "read" and that pregnant tin can be communicated through a process of reading. Information technology is an instance of Visual Retention: retaining a "motion-picture show" of what a word or object looks similar and how to make sense out of it.

REFERENCES
Barton, D. (2007). Literacy: An introduction to the ecology of the written Linguistic communication. 2d Ed. USA. Blackwell Publishing.
Bowman, Chiliad. and G. Woolf, (1994). Literacy and Power in the Ancient World. Cambridge.
Cope, B. and Kalantzis, Grand. (2000). Multiliteracies: Literacy Learning and the Designs of Social futures. London: Routledge.
Graff, H. J. (1991). The literacy myth: cultural integration and social structure in the nineteenth century. Transaction Publishers. p. xxvi. ISBN 978-0-88738-884-2
Olson D. R. and Torrance, Due north. (2009). The Cambridge handbook of literacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Corridors of Hope II (2008). Reflect Methodology and Participatory Rural Apraisal (PRA) Tools Guide. Lusaka: Corridors of Hope.
Duffy, Thou, Fransman, J, and Pearce, Eastward. (2009). Review of xvi Reverberate Evaluations.
Dvv International, (2009).Adult Education and Evolution. International conference on financing adult education for development held on 23-24 June 2009 in Bonn, Germany.
Barton, D. (2007). Literacy; An introduction to the ecology of the written Linguistic communication.2ndEd.USA.Blackwell publishing.
Steiner, C. & Perry, P. (1997) Achieving Emotional Literacy. London: Bloomsbury.

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